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This document uses the following terms:

active partition: A partition on a master boot record (MBR) disk that becomes the system partition at system startup if the basic input/output system (BIOS) is configured to select that disk for startup. An MBR disk can have exactly one active partition. The active partition is stored in the partition table on the disk. GUID partitioning table (GPT) disks do not have active partitions. See also master boot record (MBR), system partition, and partition table.

active volume: For volumes that consist of single partitions, active volume is synonymous with active partition. For volumes that consist of multiple partitions, active volume refers to a volume in which one of the partitions is an active partition (generally mirrored volumes because partitions on striped volumes or RAID-5 volumes do not have complete copies of volume data). See also active partition.

allocation unit size: The size (expressed in bytes) of the units used by the file system to allocate space on a disk for the file system used by the volume. The size, in bytes, must be a power of two and must be a multiple of the size of the sectors on the disk. Typical allocation unit sizes of most file systems range from 512 bytes to 64 KB.

attach: To create and expose a disk device object for a virtual disk on the operating system. For example, when a user creates a virtual disk, a virtual disk file is allocated as the backing store for the virtual disk. However, creating the virtual disk does not cause an operating system disk object to be created and exposed; attaching does this.

backing store: The virtual disk file that stores the data for a virtual disk.

basic disk: A disk on which each volume can be composed of exclusively one partition.

basic provider: A virtual disk service (VDS) provider that manages basic disks.

BitLocker: BitLocker Drive Encryption. A Microsoft-developed feature appearing in Windows Vista operating system that provides encryption for an entire volume.

boot configuration file: A file that contains a list of paths to boot partitions. On architectures featuring the Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI), the boot configuration file can be stored on other nonvolatile media, such as nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM). On all other architectures, it resides in the system partition.

boot loader: An architecture-specific file that loads the operating system on the boot partition as specified by the boot configuration file.

boot partition: A partition containing the operating system.

boot volume: See boot partition.

bus: Computer hardware to which peripheral devices can be connected. Messages are sent between the CPU and the peripheral devices using the bus. Examples of bus types include SCSI, USB, and 1394.

Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP): A protocol for user authentication to a remote resource. For more information, see [RFC1994] and [RFC2759].

cluster: A group of computers that are able to dynamically assign resource tasks among nodes in a group.

Cluster Shared Volume File System (CSVFS): Cluster Shared Volume File System is a technology that simplifies configuration and management of clustered virtual machines by enabling multiple clustered virtual machines to use the same LUN while still allowing independent failover capability.

cluster size: See allocation unit size.

Compact Disc File System (CDFS): A file system used for storing files on CD-ROMs.

Component Object Model (COM): An object-oriented programming model that defines how objects interact within a single process or between processes. In COM, clients have access to an object through interfaces implemented on the object. For more information, see [MS-DCOM].

crash dump file: A file that can be created by an operating system when an unrecoverable fault occurs. This file contains the contents of memory at the time of the crash and can be used to debug the problem creator.

cylinder: The set of disk tracks that appear in the same location on each platter of a disk.

detach: To delete a virtual disk object from the operating system. See attach.

differencing chain: The set of virtual disks defined by a differencing disk and its parent or parents. For example, consider a scenario in which differencing disk A's parent is differencing disk B, and differencing disk B's parent is virtual disk C. In this example, disks A, B, and C create a differencing chain where disk A is the child and disks B and C are both parents.

differencing disk: The current state of a virtual disk represented as a set of modified blocks storing differences from the parent virtual disk. A differencing disk is not independent; it depends on the parent virtual disk to be fully functional. A differencing disk can be the parent to another differencing disk. See also differencing chain.

disk: A persistent storage device that can include physical hard disks, removable disk units, optical drive units, and logical unit numbers (LUNs) unmasked to the system.

disk extent: A contiguous set of one or more disk sectors. A disk extent can be used as a partition or part of a volume, or it can be free, which indicates that it is not in use or that it might be unusable for creating partitions or volumes.

disk group: In the context of dynamic disks, this term describes a logical grouping of disks.

disk pack: See disk group.

disk quorum: The minimum number of disks in a disk group that is required to enable the online status of a disk group. A disk quorum is defined as n/2 + 1, where n is the total number of disks in the group. A disk quorum prevents disk groups from gaining online status on more than one computer.

disk signature: A unique identifier for a disk. For a master boot record (MBR)-formatted disk, this identifier is a 4-byte value stored at the end of the MBR, which is located in sector 0 on the disk. For a GUID partitioning table (GPT)-formatted disk, this value is a GUID stored in the GPT disk header at the beginning of the disk.

disk type: A disk that is hardware-specific. A disk can only communicate with the CPU using a bus of matching type. Examples of bus types include SCSI, USB, and 1394.

Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM): The Microsoft Component Object Model (COM) specification that defines how components communicate over networks, as specified in [MS-DCOM].

drive letter: One of the 26 alphabetical characters A-Z, in uppercase or lowercase, that is assigned to a volume. Drive letters serve as a namespace through which data on the volume can be accessed. A volume with a drive letter can be referred to with the drive letter followed by a colon (for example, C:).

dynamic disk: A disk on which volumes can be composed of

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